For oil palm nurseries, only mineral soil should be used. Determination of optimum levels of nitrogen, phosphorus and. Nutrient deficiencies of landscape and fieldgrown palms in florida1. Young oil palms in sand culture experiment developed symptoms of nitrogen, potassium and magnesium deficiencies involving a homogeneous yellowing, a marginal yellowing and an orange chlorosis respectively. It is difficult for a grower to make the seeds of oil palms germinate. A study conducted by goh and hardter in 2003 showed that the amont of nutrients consumed by. Responses of oil palm to these n, p 2 o 5 and k 2 o nutrition are of considerable importance in agriculture. Management of phosphorus, potassium and magnesium in mature. The essential knowledge generated is shared and distributed via the ipni oil palm. The major diseases in nursery stage include leaf spot, genetic disorders and nutrient deficiency. Iron deficiency chlorosis will generally remain on the youngest leaf as it matures, while the yellowing caused by royal palm bug is transient and will eventually turn into leaflet necrosis and frizzling. About 35 ha can grow enough seedlings over a threeyear period to plant a 5,000ha plantation. Although oil palm requires a smaller amount of p than nitrogen and potassium, this element has been reported evaluating the variability of gafsa phosphate rock uptake by oil palm genotypes at nursery stage n. The growth demand of the oil palm roots is calculated using an empirical equation based on root.
Physiological responses of oil palm seedlings to the drought. Palm oil is used for preventing vitamin a deficiency, cancer, brain disease, and aging. Organic and mineral fertilization of oil palm at the nursery stage kone b. Introduction oil palm elaeis guineensis, jacq is an important perennial crop in malaysia, indonesia, columbia, and some african countries. Macronutrient deficiency symptoms in oil palm seedlings grown in sand culture j. Deficiency symptoms unlike nitrogen n, potassium k and magnesium mg, there are no easily recognizable leaf p deficiency symptoms in oil palm. Oil palm responses to drought stress are generally negative. Growth performance and nutrient uptake of oil palm. These multiobjectives demand that the fertilizer recommendation systems for oil palm entail more than just the computation of optimum fertilizer rates. Oil palm may also be referred to as african oil palm and originated from west africa.
The decline of oil palm yield is a direct effect of inhibition of photosynthetic rate of oil palm. Palm oil is produced from the fruit pulp of the oil palm tree elaeis guineensis. Nitrogen is found to be essential for rapid growth and. Growers buy young seedlings which already have four or five leaves. This is another important aspect in oil palm nursery management. At top right young oil palm recovering from cu deficiency after an application of cuso 4. Therefore, to determine the optimum levels of n, p and k to grow better oil palm seedlings is crucial. Potential of immature coconut water and cow urine on the.
Cciirraadd ggeerrmmiinnaatteedd ooiill ppaallmm sseeeeddss. In 1508 already reference has been made to palm groves in liberia, and to palm oil trade near the forcados river in nigeria. Recommended average rates of nutrients for mature oil palm trees over 6 years. Nitrogen is found to be essential for rapid growth. The application of npk fertilizer can cause the soil to become hard due to the accumulation of the residue left on the ground. Effect of potassium k source on oil palm yield at okomu oil. Palm trees grown in the landscape appear carefree, but they are susceptible to many diseases, insects and nutritional problems. A further experiment showed that little leaf disease was caused by boron deficiency. The agricultural standards committee deems it necessary to establish the standard for good agricultural practices for oil palm to be used as guidance to oil palm growers. Management of phosphorus, potassium and magnesium in. Some studies indicate that b deficiency decreases the photosynthetic capacity of plant ahmed et al. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of six oil palm waste compost rates 0, 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100% on the growth performance of oil palm seedling and nutrient uptake in the prenursery stage. Physiological features and growth characters of oil palm. Nitrogen deficiency is by far the most important deficiency encountered in container production of palms, and all palm species are susceptible when grown in containers.
Avoid many of these problems by following the recommended cultural practices that help keep plants healthy and vigorous. Nutrition and nutrient management of the oil palm new thrust for the future perspective417 nutrition of the oil palm an update symptoms of deficiency. Influence of nitrogen source on growth and tissue nutrient content of. Vigorous seedlings require the provision of adequate moisture and plant nutrients, chiefly n, at the nursery stage. Manuring the oil palm one oil palm your one stop oil palm. Physiological responses of oil palm seedlings to the drought stress using boron and silicon applications e. Nitrogen effects on growth and spectral characteristics of.
At top left use of peat soil for polybag filling may result in severe cu deficiency of the seedlings. Iron deficiency in oil palm is rarely recorded because tropical soils are usually well supplied with fe zakaria and jamaluddin, 1992. The prenursery receives both germinated seeds and tissue culture produced plantlets ramets which are planted in a relatively small area. The oil palm is grown extensively in its native west and central africa, as well as in malaysia and indonesia. Seedlings can be bought from research stations or extension services. Drought causes stomatal conductance of oil palm leaves. Evaluating the variability of gafsa phosphate rock uptake by. The effect of major nutrients on growth and yield of oil palm has been studied in most of the oil palm growing countries in asia and africa. Pest infestations and disease infections can cause alarming damage and losses if not recognized at an early stage and brought under control quickly. Practical information is provided on the management of oil palm nurseries. In fully mature palms more than 10 years after planting the leaf is 58 m long and has leaflets up to 1.
Nitrogen uptake by oil palm seedlings at nursery stage 2010 zulkifli hashim. Nutrients functions and deficiency symptoms the effect of major nutrients on growth and yield of oil palm has been studied in most of the oil palm growing countries in asia and africa. Overview information palm oil is obtained from the fruit of the oil palm tree. Manuring the oil palm one oil palm your one stop oil. About 80% of malaysian palm oil goes into food uses.
Effect of potassium k source on oil palm yield at okomu. At bottom left severe mg deficiency in a young oil palm. Palm nutrition and fertilization journal of the american society for. According to the management of the oil palm nursery that we adopted, the 0. A healthy oil palm leaf is dark green, strong and flexible. Correction of nutritional deficiencies in palms can take up to 2 years or longer and. Oil palm diseases and pests, description, uses, propagation. Oil palm requires high amounts of nutrients such as nitrogen n, phosphorus p, potassium k and magnesium mg chew et al. The oil palm is a researchfriendly plant and manifests most deficiencies with typical and visible diagnostic symptoms as.
Good agronomic practices especially in fertilizer application is important to achieve a high yield palm oil production system. Ugbah a aagronomy division, nigerian institute for oil palm research, nifor, pmb 1030, benin city, nigeria. Five concentration levels of n 50, 100, 300, 600 and 900 mg l 1, p. Growth performance and nutrient uptake of oil palm seedling. Published under licence by iop publishing ltd iop conference series. Detecting nutrients deficiencies of oil palm trees using remotely sensed data. Determination of optimum levels of nitrogen, phosphorus. While fertilization from the nursery may be enough to initially sustain a transplanted species, the absence of supplemental fertilization may manifest as. However, in the field or landscape, n deficiency is common only in. Reference tables soil fertility for oil palm, leaf levels for oil palm and cover plants. Poor nursery technique and culling erosion and compaction at land clearing incorrect planting density or inaccurate lining failure to replace unproductive palms poor gap filling at planting gaps due to palm death failure to establish legume cover plants. Growth and production of oil palm encyclopedia of life.
Nitrogen deficiency can be confused with fe or s deficiency, although the chlorosis in those deficiencies is typically most severe on the youngest leaves. Physiological responses of oil palm seedlings to the. The nursery is a small plot in which the young oil palms develop. Information regarding soil nutrient status and leaf nutrient concentration is very much required for proper fertilizer application. Determination of optimum levels of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium of oil palm seedlings in solution culture hasmah mohidin. Left alone, oil palm has been known to live for periods up to 200 years. Most palm nutrient deficiencies can be readily diagnosed using. Nitrogen effects on growth and spectral characteristics of immature and mature oil palms. The most important factor in achieving good success in the nursery is the availability of sufficient water to ensure optimum growth of the seedlings. The wilting point of nursery stock oil palm was defined as 20% swc, below which plants recovered by watering, without toxic symptoms. Earth and environmental science, volume 37, conference 1.
Whereas nitrogen n is the primary limiting nutrient element in container production, potassium k, manganese mn, magnesium mg, boron b, and iron fe deficiencies are more widespread than n deficiency in most landscape soils. An oil palm nursery must have an uninterrupted supply of clean water and topsoil which is both wellstructured and sufficiently deep to accommodate three rounds of on site bagfilling. Econ importance of manuring oil palm importance of optimal manuring of oil palm. Detecting nutrients deficiencies of oil palm trees using. The nursery stage lasts 710 months, after which plants are finally transferred to the field. Fulltext nitrogen effects on growth and spectral characteristics of immature and mature oil palms. Excessive calcium can limit the availability of other nutrients.
The oil palm industry is an exportorientated industry which relies heavily on the world market. Diagnostic keys for identifying nutrient deficiencies in oil palm and legume cover plants. Traditional applications food uses palm oil and palm kernel oil is used wholly. Ii growth and production of oil palm willy verheye encyclopedia of life support systemseolss of trees appearing to be oil palms as early as 1434. The disease can be caused by fungi, water moulds and in one case a bacteria acidovorax, annellophora, bipolaris, botrytis, cylindrocladium calonectria, cercospora, colletotrichum, exserohilum, gliocladium, pestalotia, pestalotiopsis, phaeotrichoconis, phytophthora, pseudocerspora, stigminaitalic. For optimum crop growth and high yield proper doses of these nutrient elements are required. The other major components in the system are fertilizer management which includes correct timing, placement and methods of fertilizer application and right source of fertilizer.
Elaeis guineensis is a species of palm commonly just called oil palm khmer. Fertiliser constituted about 50% of palm oil production cost tan, 1988. Vegetative growth performance of oil palm elaeis guineensis. As deficiency intensifies these spots turn orange, or reddishorange, and dessication sets in, starting from the tips and outer margins of the pinnae. How to avoid common nutrient deficiencies in oil palm. There are two nursery stages, prenursery and main nursery. Therefore, a survey was conducted for assessment of soil nutrient status and leaf nutrient concentration in 42 oil palm elaeis guineensis. Mineral deficiency symptoms of the oil palm springerlink. Vegetative growth performance of oil palm elaeis guineensis seedlings in response to inorganic and organic fertilizers e. The growth performance of oil palm seedlings in prenursery. Oil palm, elaeis guineensis, african tree in the palm family arecaceae, cultivated as a source of oil. This tree is native to the area of west africa near the gulf of guinea, which is where its scientific name comes from. The most effective way is to remove the pericarp of oil palm seed, with sanitation in seed germinator.
This study suggested that n nutrition at deficiency affected more strongly the leaf development rather than the photosynthesis. A survey was conducted for assessment of soil fertility status, leaf nutrient concentration and finding yield limiting nutrients of oil palm elaeis guineensis jacq. A survey of diseases and disorders in oil palms of. It is native to west and southwest africa, specifically the area between angola and the gambia. Nutrient deficiency symptoms in oil palms can occur as a result of the following. Sustainable oil palm farming nutrient deficiency symptoms. Soil nutrient status and leaf nutrient norms in oil palm. Pdf detecting nutrients deficiencies of oil palm trees using. Evaluating the variability of gafsa phosphate rock uptake. Boron is an important trace element in the physiology of the oil palm. Questionnaires were designed and distributed to 739 oil palm nurseries in malaysia which registered with mpob. Nitrogen deficiency in palms is easily prevented or treated.
Macronutrient deficiency symptoms in oil palm seedlings grown in sand culture. In 2009 alone, the total exports of oil palm products, constituting palm oil, palm kernel oil, palm kernel cake, oleochemicals and finished products, amounted to 22. Palms can exist with chronic n deficiency for a very. Young oil palms in sand culture experiment developed symptoms of nitrogen, potassium and magnesium deficiencies involving a homogeneous yellowing, a margin. Nitrogen uptake by oil palm seedlings at nursery stage. Most plants absorb nitrogen in the form of ammonium or nitrate. Nutrition and nutrient management of the oil palm new.
However, p deficient plants may be stunted with short fronds, and the palm trunk may have a pronounced pyramid shape. In soils with low water holding capacity k deficiency can lead to a rapid premature dessication of fronds. The experiment was conducted at field 10, faculty of agriculture, universiti putra malaysia 2. A survey of oil palm plantations in southern thailand was conducted during the years 20102012, to record diseases and disorders of the crop. Excess in nitrogen fertilisation could induce boron deficiency and chlorotic. Faradina marzukhi, aina liyana elahami and sharifah norashikin bohari. Other species act as proxy indicators for p deficiency. Several studies indicate that the drought lower the yield of fresh fruit bunches up to 26. The reference tissue for adult palms is the centre part of the pinnae without midrib from the seventeenth frond. It is found in one out of 10 food products worldwide as it can be used without or only minimal modification. Planting robust oil palm seedlings is a prerequisite for the establishment of a successful planting with early fruiting and high yields at maturity. The best way to control leaf diseases is to reduce excessive shade and ensure adequate air movement. The study provides useful information for developing irrigation systems for oil palm, especially f 1 hybrid nursery stock.
The oil palm is a researchfriendly plant and manifests most deficiencies with typical and visible diagnostic symptoms as well described by turner and gillbanks 1974. Mar 25, 2015 oil palm is a heavy feeder of nutrients and requires balanced and adequate supply of nutrients for optimum growth and yield. This is a handson, practical guide to general and specific practices in oil palm nurseries to produce healthy, vigorous and uniform plants ready for field planting. To support its growth and yield, it requires a large amounts of nutrients such as nitrogen n, phosphorus p, potassium k and. All these deficiencies resulted in poor growth and a reduced root development. Most pest and disease problems can be avoided by correct agronomic and management practices, but. As a consequence, n deficiency is less common in plantation stands with leguminous cover crops than in stands with other cover plants uexk ull and fairhurst. Pdf some nutritional disorders in oil palm researchgate. At bottom right closeup of an oil palm leaf showing mg deficiency. Nitrogen deficiency in palms1 edis university of florida. This is a general term for a condition that can have many causes.
Nitrogen deficiency is easily diagnosed by symptoms alone, although leaf nutrient analysis can also be helpful. The need of nitrogen n, phosphate p and potassium k nutrient in oil palm nursery are usually fulfilled with synthetic chemical fertilizers such as npk fertilizer. Palm oil is the most versatile of 17 major oils traded in the global edible oils and fats market. Palm oil, obtained from the fruits, is used in making soaps, cosmetics, candles. Levels of n, p and k of oil palm seedlings bragantia, campinas, v. Shaded lower pinnae remain green, but exposed upper rank pinnae turn orangeyellow. Because palms have a single apical meristem, deficiencies of k, mn. Effect of potassium k source on oil palm yield at okomu oil palm plc, ovia north east l. The use of composted oil palm wastes in the oil palm nursery as an organic component of growing medium for oil palm seedlings seems promising in sustainable oil palm seedling production. However, in the field or landscape, n deficiency is common only in ravenea rivularis and dypsis lutescens. This revealed a variety of oil palm diseases, including algal, bacterial and fungal diseases. Royal palm bug damage is very similar in royal palms, as both result in a general chlorosis of the spear and youngest leaf. N deficiency is common ii young palms grown on shallow, sandy or poorly drained soils. Nitrogen deficiency is expressed in uniformly pale, yellow green leaflets and a sharply reduced growth rate.